… And it was always the standpoint of Marx and Engels, who regarded any war as the continuation of the politics of the concerned powers-and the various classes within these countries in a definite period” (Poln. Lenin,“the main thesis of dialectic is that ’war is simply the continuation of politics by other (that is, violent) means.’ Such is the formula of Clausewitz. The end of the cold war has made arms control a more realistic goal. During the cold war the threat of nuclear retaliation has restrained the use of nuclear weapons instead there was an arms race, a succession of regional wars, and a proliferation of guerrilla wars and counterinsurgency campaigns. The threat of nuclear war has created a movement for nuclear disarmament (see disarmament, nuclear). and culminated in the formation of the League of Nations after World War I and the United Nations after World War II. Organized efforts to end war began with the peace congresses of the 19th cent. Wars are waged not only against a nation's government and armed forces but also against a nation's economic means of existence and its civilian population in order to destroy the means and will to continue the struggle. Modern total war calls for the regimentation and coordination of peoples and resources the state is compelled to demand a surrender of private rights in order that unity of purpose may enable it to prosecute the war to a victorious conclusion. Modern war was been even more greatly influenced by industrial development, scientific progress, and the spread of popular education a new era of machine warfare, prosecuted by masses of troops raised by conscription, rather than by rulers and the military class alone, developed after the wars of Napoleon I. The use of fighting forces as instruments of war became a scientific art with the development of strategy and tactics. In many instances, both recent and historic, the military has ruled the state. In ancient states warfare was usually a community enterprise, but as society divided on a functional basis a warrior class developed, and the army and navy became component parts of the state. War has been a feature of history since primitive times. According to Karl von Clausewitz, war is a “continuation of political intercourse by other means.” As such it often occurs after arbitration and mediation have failed. Imperialism, nationalism, and militarism have been called the dynamics of modern war. Among the causes of war are ideological, political, racial, economic, and religious conflicts. War, armed conflict between states or nations (international war) or between factions within a state (civil war), prosecuted by force and having the purpose of compelling the defeated side to do the will of the victor.
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